The skin -- The circulatory system -- Wound management -- Edema -- Pain -- The electromagnetic spectrum -- Terminology -- Thermal physics -- Biophysics -- Physiological responses to thermal stimuli -- Clinical effects of thermal modalities -- Superficial thermotherapy -- Cryotherapy -- Ultrasound -- Diathermy -- Safety considerations for thermal modalities -- Therapeutic electricity -- Electrophysiology -- Clinical applications of electrical stimulation (TENS) -- Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation -- Iontophoresis -- Clinical electroneuromyography -- Spinal traction -- External compression -- Hydrotherapy -- Ultraviolet radiation -- Low-level laser therapy -- Biofeedback -- Pelvic floor rehabilitation.