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Introduction : Cultures, scopic regimes and visual domains ; Visual versus textual ; Text-image interplay and ekphrasis ; Visual rhetoric: arguments with images and models ; Alpers on the "Dutch connection" ; Instruments for creating and recording images ; A few deep insights from early 'visual studies' ; Later wrong turns of the "visual turn" -- Historiographic layers of visual science cultures : 'Visual culture' vs. 'visual studies' ; My account of visual cultures as superimposed layers -- Formation of visual science cultures : Rudwick on geology ; The architects of stereochemistry ; Sorby: microscopic petrography and metallography ; Wheeler and geometrodynamics -- Pioneers of visual science cultures : Some examples: Scheiner, Lambert, Young, Nasmyth ; Iconophile versus iconophobe types ; A prosopography of spectroscopists ; Generalizability of these claims -- Transfer of visual techniques : The gradual diffusion of perspectival drawing ; Indicator diagrams from industrial secret to thermodynamics ; NMR: from physics to chemistry and medicine (MRI) ; CT and PET scanners in medicine -- Support by illustrators and image technicians : Leonhart Fuchs and his team of artisans ; Friction between scientist and illustrator -- One image rarely comes alone : Nickelsen on copy relations in botanical illustrations ; Diachromic succession of printing techniques ; Near-synchronous chains of representation ; Cinematographic images and science films ; The drift of scientific images into the public sphere ; Viscourse on top of discourse -- Practical training in visual skills : Technical drawing in France, Germany and Britain ; Slides, posters and plates in training scientists ; X-ray atlases and training radiologists -- Mastery of pattern recognition : Visual inventories of possibilities ; The illusory pattern of Martian canals ; Electron microscopy ; Interobserver and intraobserver variability in CT scans -- Visual thinking in scientific and technological practice : Gooding on Faraday and fossils ; Crystallographic puzzles: space models and x-ray diffraction ; Suspension bridge construction -- Recurrent color taxonomies : Gauging the blue of the sky: cyanometry ; MIneralogical color codes -- Aesthetic fascination as a visual culture's binding glue : MIneralogical cabinets and collectors ; Beauty contests from electron-microscope images -- Issues of visual perception : Jules Janssen: black drops and solar granulation ; Recording the invisible -- Visuality through and through.

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